ABSTRACT

Patients with neoplastic disease are often highly susceptible to severe infections. The following factors influence the types, severity and response to therapy of these infections. 1) Changing epidemiology of infections; 2) Cancer- and/or treatment-associated neutropenia; 3) Acquired immune deficiency states such as cellular immune defect; 4) Recent development of new generation diagnostic tools including widely available DNA amplification tests; 5) Effective intervention for infection prevention; 6) Empiric or presumptive therapy during high-risk risk periods; 7) Availability of new classes of highly active antimicrobial drugs; 8) Strategies to promote hosts’ immune response, and 9) Future measures. This introductory chapter intended for the reader to become familiar with the important historical milestones in the understanding and development in the field of infectious diseases in immunosuppressed patients with an underlying neoplasms and patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.